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Burial dating uses the differential radioactive decay of 2 cosmogenic elements as a proxy for the age at which a sediment was screened by burial from further cosmic rays exposure.Luminescence dating techniques observe 'light' emitted from materials such as quartz, diamond, feldspar, and calcite.Biostratigraphy does not directly provide an absolute age determination of a rock, but merely places it within an interval of time at which that fossil assemblage is known to have coexisted.Both disciplines work together hand in hand, however, to the point where they share the same system of naming rock layers and the time spans utilized to classify layers within a stratum.APWPs for different continents can be used as a reference for newly obtained poles for the rocks with unknown age.For paleomagnetic dating, it is suggested to use the APWP in order to date a pole obtained from rocks or sediments of unknown age by linking the paleopole to the nearest point on the APWP.

Fossil faunal and floral assemblages, both marine and terrestrial, make for distinctive marker horizons.A sequence of paleomagnetic poles (usually called virtual geomagnetic poles), which are already well defined in age, constitutes an apparent polar wander path (APWP).Such a path is constructed for a large continental block.A number of radioactive isotopes are used for this purpose, and depending on the rate of decay, are used for dating different geological periods.More slowly decaying isotopes are useful for longer periods of time, but less accurate in absolute years.